Warning: These are my messy study notes, much better legible notes can be found here http://onepager.togaware.com
1. A Tour Thru Rattle
Transform Tab ( by no means near to the full power of underlying R)
Data Mining Tabs
- Cluster, Associate Model
Log Tab
- Capture the corresponding R command
- Working from Left to Right on Tabs
- Remember to Click Execute Button
- 'Save' -> Projects save the current state, all models etc.
- 'Open' Projects can be restored at a later time
- You can even load it back to R
2. First R Program
Load rattle and ggplot2
library(rattle) # Provides the weather dataset
library(rattle) # Provides the ggplot() function
ggplot -> Grammar of Graphics : Just like english grammar or grammar of a computer language. A result of Hadley's Phd . Look him up to learn more details.
Then produce a plot using ggplot()
# handsondatascience.com - tips on elegantly writing repeated code
ds <- weather
1. ggplot(ds, aes(x=MaxTemp, y=MinTemp)) + geom_point()
aes - aesthetics ( x axis and y axis, colors etc)
geom_point - you want points as the geometric indicators
2. ggplot(ds, aes(x=MaxTemp, y=MinTemp)) + geom_point() + ggtitle("Daily Temp Obs")
3. ggplot(ds, aes(x=MaxTemp, y=MinTemp, colour=RainTomorrow)) + geom_point() + ggtitle("Daily Temp Obs")
GGWIZ
Google R Gallery to find lot of graph implementations
3. DMT : Clustering (Classification)
Cluster Analysis:
A collection of observations .
Has been done for centuries : Classifying people, animals, mammals etc.
I cannot understand scientifically about each one of you without any historic background
Cluster - KMeans (Number of clusters :2)
Cluster - KMeans (New cvs file audit.csv) 
Ideal number of cluster is 12, This is how to choose it
Google : Curse of dimensionality ( use ewkm for clustering if you have lot of variables)
If you want to do clustering on categoric values eg. male, female. Use:
Transform -> Recode-> Indicator Variable
Transform -> Recode -> As Numeric
Difference between two cars
Can imagine number of pistons as their numeric value
Or some parameters that indicate luxury
4. DMT : Association Rule Mining (Recommendation)
It's what Amazon did for suggesting books.
The beer and baby diaper example
Link analysis
Market basket analysis
Cross Marketting
Math n CS -> High Distinction
[91%, 75%] [support, confidence]
Gladiator n Patriot -> Sixth Sense
[0.1%, 90%]
Statins n Peritonitis -> Chronic Renal Failure
[0.1%, 32%]
Gladiator n Patriot -> Sixth Sense
[0.1% - support, 90% - confidence]
(http://onepager.togaware.com/ association analysis)
support ->
out of 1000 cart 0.1% of people have all 3 of those movies.
i.e. 10 people have these in shopping cart
confidence->
if they have watched gladiator and patriot, 90% of the time they have watched Sixth sense.
lift ->
confidence / support : The higher the lift the better
Health Insurance Commission
6.8 million records x 120 attributes (3.5 GB)
12 months preprocessing then 2 weeks data mining
Goal : find associations between tests
cmin = min confidence
smin = min support
Hands On
5. DMT: Predictive Data Mining: Decision Trees (Prediction)
Often referred to as supervised learning ( we already have a decision)
Like deciding if a we should lend money to a person
-> We will have a model that can be used to arrive at the decision. The model would have been build by
How do we find a good model?
There can be infinite number of models
1. Write down infinite number of models ( we will take infinite time to search) [2]
2. Measure each model and find the best one
[2] We use heuristics search to see how good a model is
In the room example: Weather a person would be wearing glasses?
- 30% females are wearing glasses
- 60% males are wearing glasses
- (60% is not accurate enough) so, we will further divide by age:
- People above age 42 has a 80% of chance of wearing a glass
If this is not effective enough then the algorithm starts taking other parameters and try to get better models
But how do I choose the best variables to reduce search time and get the best model?
Formula for entropy (disorder ) - nlogn
Induction Tree - Greedy Algorithm (Heuristics - Goodness)# Important
- Partition by every variable gender, age, height, shirt colour, shoe colour
- Check which variable maximise reduction in entropy
Hands On Rattle
rpart - recursive partitioning
type 1, type 2, type 3, type 4 errors
true positive - it will rain and it rains
false positive - it will rain and it doesn't rain
true negative - it won't rain and it doesn't rains
false negative - it won't rain and it rains ( i don't want this, i'll get wet)
Chances of No sis .84%
Very widely used - has been there for a long time.
Democracy doesn't always give us the answer. It it did, the world would be still flat.
5. DMT - Evaluation Tab - Error Matrix in Rattle (To evaluate, improve goodness)
Always look at the log tab to find code of good models
Type:
Error Matrix
This is how we can see the rate of false positives etc.
This is how you can avoid you getting wet
Evaluation of params for the above 0,10,1,0 Loss matrix
6. DMT - Evaluation Tab - ROC in Rattle (To evaluate, improve goodness)
Used in 2nd world war
The orange marked is the ideal curve. Red is what we have now.
16% of the days it rain, 84% of the days it won't rain
or
16% of people need to pay tax, auditing the other 84% is waste
Y-axis : True Positive
X-axis: Is the number of people that i'm going to audit ( which is not productive)
Black lines says: What happens if i audit randomly ,
I'll get 16 out of 16 (y-axis to 100%) payers when I audit 50 people.
I'll get 8 out of 16 payers when I audit 50 people. This is the baseline ( obvious path, but not effective)
But the green line says:
I'll rank people, and order them form 1-100 in x-axis. I'll get 10 out of 16 people when I reach 20 people.
I'll find all 16 by the time I reach 50 people
Assignment, try these:
1. Model > Linear
and also
2.Evaluate > Linear
1. Model > All
2. Evaluate > All
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